--- title: Connection Between Scoliosis and the Pineal Gland (Third Eye) date: 2021-03-12T15:05:05Z modified: 2024-07-23T18:48:05Z permalink: "https://mindkindmom.com/connection-between-scoliosis-and-the-pineal-gland-third-eye/" type: post status: publish excerpt: "" wpid: 5127 categories: - Scoliosis tags: - Scoliosis - Body - brain - Healing - Stress featured_image: "https://i.imgur.com/QnjJaLE.jpg" featured_image_alt: Connection Between Scoliosis and the Pineal Gland(Third Eye) timestamp: 2024-07-23T18:48:05Z --- Recently, a fellow scoliosis warrior wrote that her doctor told her that scoliosis was due to a malfunction of the pineal gland. That got me digging into the pineal gland’s connection to scoliosis. According to some theories, the pineal gland (third eye) could be a contributing factor in causing idiopathic scoliosis. To prove this assumption, some poor chickens were chosen for this groundbreaking study!!!! The poor things were subjected to the cruelty of having their pineal gland removed. Now even a fool knows that there is no comparing humans to chickens both anatomically or psychologically. Except in derision when one taunts a fearful person as being a chicken. Nonetheless, it was concluded that maybe melatonin (a sleep-wake hormone from the pineal gland of the brain) played a role. ![idiopathic scoliosis pineal gland third eye soul melatonin circadian cycle](https://i.imgur.com/QnjJaLE.jpg) **Pineal Gland is the seat of our soul, the connection between mind-body-spirit**However, when tested [scoliotic patients’ melatonin](http://www.rolfingtaichilondon.co.uk/ARTICLES/Scoliosis.pdf) levels did not show any significant differences with the melatonin level of normal folks. Additionally, more recent studies with some more innocent chickens showed that the induced scoliosis after pinealectomy has probably more to do with a secondary lack of serotonin (which has been known to influence general muscle tonus). ### Pineal Gland – Union of Mind and Body-Spirit Thus their stupid experiment was inconclusive, except maybe for the fact that the pineal gland (the third eye) could be the inner fulcrum that keeps our inner self in sync with the outer world. The French philosopher Rene Descartes, well known for **“I think, therefore I am”**, believed that this mystery gland was the “[principal seat of the soul](http://www.transformational-health.com/newsletter/pineal_gland.html)“, a place for the union of body-mind-spirit. On one of the [Quora forums](https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-a-surgeon-were-to-remove-a-persons-pineal-gland), a few shared the effects of having their pineal gland removed. One stated “_it felt like I lost my soul. It felt like I was just an empty body going through the motions of everyday life trying to connect with people without the ability to connect with people_.” I have written numerous posts about how [ACEs could because of scoliosis.](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/how-aces-cause-scoliosis.md) Trauma causes us to lose our souls. Native Americans called this [soul loss](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/soul-healing-cutting-the-cords-moving-on.md). And healing entails the retrieval of our soul parts, that were forced to go underground. ### Is The Pineal Gland Our Third Eye The pineal gland is a small cone-shaped structure in the same horizontal plane as the [spiritual third eye](https://www.medifee.com/blog/pineal-gland-aka-third-eye-where-mysticism-meets-science/) which is between our eyebrows. It consists of rod and cone structures as in the retina. Furthermore, it contains similar pigments that are present in the eyes. And like our eyes the pineal gland is light-sensitive, thus making it very similar to the eyes, and hence, the name **‘Third Eye.**’ The pineal gland is located deep in the center of the brain in an area called the epithalamus. It is situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum and above the cerebellum, near the brainstem. Its anatomical location shows that it is more connected to our reptilian brain than our higher brain structures. Thus when we get an intuitive feeling about something, it is our pineal gland sending messages to our gut via the vagus nerve. The reason is that we pay more attention when our stomach feels queasy. All this happens in a flash and we either pay attention and take action or feel too paralyzed to do anything and end up having gastrointestinal issues and other health problems. All because we did not listen to our [gut feelings](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/has-your-gut-stopped-feeling-try-some-psychobiotics.md). ### How Important Is the Pineal Gland Even though the pineal gland is very tiny it has profuse blood flow, second only to the kidneys, According to research, the main function of the pineal is regulating our circadian rhythms through the production of melatonin, the sleep chemical. The pineal gland receives light or lack of light (dark) signals from our eyes and determines the amount of melatonin that is to be produced from serotonin. Melatonin released from the pineal gland influences the entire endocrine system, particularly our sexual maturation. Furthermore, the pineal gland manufactures [DMT, (dimethyltryptamine)](https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-dmt), which is sometimes known as “the spirit molecule”. The molecule is released at the time of birth and death. Most importantly, the pineal gland helps us interface our internal and external world – [interoception](https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/13062/Schettler_AubrieAnn.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y) and proprioception. Once upon a time, the pituitary gland was said to be the master gland regulating all the biochemical processes in our body. However, the more science discovers about the pineal gland, the more clear it becomes apparent that this is the [real master gland](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Pineal-Gland-%3A-Master-Gland-and-Interface-Bosman/2e4529604fe24b52fce27a91f38205160b323da7). What more, is that the pineal gland is not isolated from the body by the [blood-brain barrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland) system. This means that toxins can easily get into the pineal gland while on the upside improved diet has a direct effect on the pineal gland. ### How Trauma Closes Our Third Eye Most scientific studies focus on the physiological aspect of the pineal gland and scoliosis. No studies are showing the neuro-psychic connections between the pineal gland and scoliosis. Nonetheless, according to Dr. Gabor Maté, > **_Our biology is inseparable from our psychological emotional and spiritual existence. Therefore what manifests in the body is not some isolated and unique event or misfortune, but a manifestation of what life is in interaction with a person’s psychological, social and spiritual environment._** While the physical eyes perceive the physical world, the third eye sees the true reality. And, what happens when one grows up with parents, family, and caregivers who are abusive? We, helpless children, shut out the truth to survive. Shutting down our perceptions and psychologically putting on blinkers. We put up blocks or [armor](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/scoliosis-your-protective-body-armor.md) to stop ourselves from overwhelming pain. We shut off the truth, we twist our perceptions to survive in [dysfunctional](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/dysfunctional-families-all-is-not-fair-in-love-family.md) situations. Now, remember, the mind-body is one unit, when we psychically block our perceptions and repress our feelings we block our energy from flowing upwards. However, one surprising oddity is that there are no known cases of scoliosis in children who are [born blind](https://posturepro.co/posturology-and-scoliosis/). Maybe, their third eye does not get tainted by sight and perceptions of their environment. ### How My Pineal Gland Got Shut Down Most children who have had the basic [good enough parenting](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/the-key-to-good-enough-parenting-repair-the-rupture.md), have an active pineal gland, You just have to be with a little child to know this. They are open, free, and empathetic. I know I was – comfortable in my skin but very tuned into my environment. And when [my mother](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/my-mothers-legacy-enjoying-life-despite-cancer.md) was dying I became even more empathetically attuned I tried to do everything to keep her happy. Alas, she died. however, naively continued being empathetic and trusting. The people who were supposed to care about me slowly[ betrayed me](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/betrayal-trauma-a-toxic-familys-legacy.md). I, of course, could not accept this painful reality. #### Two Critical Incidents that Damaged my All-Seeing Third Eye 1\) This was just after my mother’s death, I was 11. I had returned from school and was alone when this cousin (10 years old) who was lurking around pounced on me and tried to molest me, I screamed and my paternal grandmother who lived below heard me and called out. This cousin ran down and when my grandmother asked him why I was screaming, He said, I was crazy, and I heard my grandmother mutter, _‘Just like her mother.’_ I knew what she was insinuating. That my mother was a loose woman and I was just like her. Mind you my mother had been struggling for nearly 7 years with cancer before her death. The cousin went on to abuse me while I slept and then would run off when I got up. It went on till one day I went to sleep on my father’s double bed and he came there too. I woke up my father and he kicked him out. But when we went for this cousin’s birthday, my father forced me to kiss him. I had to, I feared my father would hit me. Because that was his reaction when we protested or argued. The fear and [disgust](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/harness-disgust-to-expel-shameful-inner-voices.md) were so intense I blocked out the memory of the ongoing sexual abuse. #### Second Incident Another was with this uncle Lusty, who began lusting for me when I was 12 years old. I’d sense his eyes on me, and it made me feel uneasy. I tried to shut down my perceptions, after all, he is my uncle, and it is not possible. Besides, in the unsupportive family environment, I felt he was the only person who was polite and complimented me. I was hungry for love and attention so continued to be around him and pretend all was okay. Till his [narcissistic wife](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/damaged-narcissistic-evil-woman.md) accused me of trying to seduce him. The shock was too much, I remember collapsing as though the energy just flowed downward. Blood drained from my face. I felt my life-force energy flowing from my head to my groin. Since then I have been operating from my survival chakra the root chakra. ### Distorted Belief System In addition to the above trauma, there were other [small and big traumas](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/how-micro-traumas-add-to-ones-cup-of-woes-2.md). However, the above 2 experiences were so shame-inducing. My internal feeling of joy and openness changed to becoming closed and filled with resentment. I saw the world through the tainted sense of [shame](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/scoliosis-fear-shame-and-your-tight-spinal-cord.md) and being dirty and vile. No longer did **I feel ME** without feeling, I was ugly. That was the reflection I saw and tried to twist myself further to be accepted Abuse changed how I felt about myself, my body, my relationships, and the world. What should have happened (the healthy development of a little girl) did not happen, I remained stuck in a different reality – [frozen in time](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/frozen-in-time-i-was-a-13-year-old-mother.md). I know I had to shut down seeing the true intentions of the people around me, after all, how can my father hate me, my grandmother not like me, my uncle sexually lust for me, or my aunt cunningly using me to do housework? #### Abuse Affects Our Perceptions The beliefs that our caregivers instill into us both overtly and [covertly](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/how-covert-abuse-slowly-chips-away-your-sense-of-self.md) affect not just our perceptions but also our present reality. We twist our minds and bodies to be accepted. We believe and accept that pretending and being fake is the only way to exist I so wanted to be liked that I shut down who I was – my thoughts, feelings, and needs and became a compliant [codependent](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/scoliosis-codependency-growing-a-strong-backbone.md). Pretending to be nice but seething with anger. So much repressed energy was locked within my body. ### Can One Open The Pineal Gland? There are so many articles on opening the third eye that one gets confused. Some say that to open it one has to remove the calcification. One is advised to follow a certain diet, practice a certain breathing technique (according to [Joe Dispenza](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0QOnpyzo_k&t=905s) and meditate. Alas, I like my meat and due to scoliosis, I have trouble doing deep nostril breathing. This is due to a deviated septum (just learned this on one of the [Facebook scoliosis forums](https://www.facebook.com/groups/yogaforscoliosis/permalink/1984281458387155/)). And I have never been able to sit for more than 2 minutes without some thought hijacking me. But don’t worry, even [Jesus](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/what-if-jesus-was-born-in-an-abusive-family.md) was drinking wine and eating meat and his third eye was open. ### Releasing Faulty Beliefs The most important way to heal a damaged third eye is to slowly rebuild your inner self by releasing those faulty [beliefs](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/rewiring-your-brain-changing-beliefs.md) and lies we were forced to adopt. Unblocking our truth means first acknowledging and accepting that those godly adults who raised us were not so godly. They were the product of their twisted upbringing. It means standing up for yourself and speaking your truth without fear. One can reach this step only once one feels safe within ourselves. Having an [enlightened and supportive witness](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/the-transformative-power-of-an-enlightened-witness.md) helps immensely in seeing the actual reality. Validation is central to healing our negative core beliefs. We can truly see the truth when we feel safe to see the truth. That is why trying to open the third eye without healing the pain of our abuse could lead to [psychosis](https://www.wellandgood.com/how-to-open-your-third-eye/) or a spiritual crisis. A word of caution, an open third eye doesn’t mean enlightenment, it just means your perceptions are not obscured by emotion. You may see clearly but your actions could be still controlled by your ego. Faith and [gratitude](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/rewiring-your-brain-power-of-gratitude.md) are two important ways to connect to something higher. Faith helps us overcome the [brain’s negativity ](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/the-habenula-overcoming-your-brains-negativity-center.md)bias and believe that things can get better. ### Can Food Decalcify the Pineal Gland Stress causes our hormonal system to go haywire. Our brains are flooded with toxic chemicals that cause [inflammation](https://entheonation.com/blog/plant-medicines-decalcify-pineal-gland/) of our pineal gland. One particular micronutrient that gets severely depleted during stress is magnesium. And guess what is required to convert serotonin to produce [melatonin](https://www.elektramagnesium.com.au/the-connection-between-magnesium-and-ageing/) – magnesium. #### According to numerous articles, the pineal gland can be decalcified by the following: 1\) [Malic acid](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/sour-medicine-amazing-health-benefits-of-malic-acid.md)-rich sour foods like apple cider vinegar, pineapple, and tamarind. You know it is working when soon as you put sour food in your mouth, it goes right to the center of your brain, and your eyes crinkle. I feel sour food acts directly on the pineal gland. 2\) Increasing [magnesium](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/amazing-magnesium-relieves-stress-pain-scoliosis-and-more.md) in your body. Moreover, magnesium dampens down the effect of adrenaline and cortisol (stress hormones). I have found dermally applying dissolved Epsom salt with either coconut or castor on my body helpful. 3\) Including [turmeric](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/turmeric-a-golden-healing-remedy.md) in your diet Curcumin (Cur), an active ingredient of turmeric attenuates neurotoxicity induced by [fluoride](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969660/). And it is common knowledge that fluoride causes calcification. #### Some Delicious Ways To Heal Your Pineal Gland 4\) Some delicious ways to help your third eye, ingesting cocoa products (raw cacao is best), [beer, and wine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33440795/). Oh, this discovery made me happy. Of course, remember not to overdo it, moderation is key. Medicine should be taken in the proper dosage for it to be effective. However, I don’t truly believe that eating certain foods or following certain techniques can truly open the third eye unless we work out and release our internal shit. ### David Wilcock: Secrets of DMT and the Third Eye ### Healing From The Trauma – The Courage To See The Truth [Healing from trauma](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/the-real-reasons-why-healing-childhood-trauma-is-tough.md) is the process of slowly awakening to the truth. It is a slow unfolding of painful truth, gradually taking off the veils or armor that protected you from the pain and hurt and accepting the truth. It can be very bitter but then healing is a process of digesting the bitter truths. We accept the things that cannot be changed and give up our illusions and [expectations](https://mindkindmom.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/getting-unstuck-from-our-expectations.md) about people. A person’s mistreatment has nothing to do with your intrinsic worth as a human being. You are a precious, worthy being who is loved and connected to something greater. And that is the moment when you see the light – the truth. The past no longer hurts – you are free ### Getting my Internal Eye (I ) Straight As I heal I feel my inner sense of being feeling more calmer and at peace. Every day the anger hate and resentment seem to get less and less. I can see the people who hurt me with a certain sense of detachment like they are no longer a part of me. Most importantly, I have stopped tolerating bullshit or accommodating assholes who do not respect me. I have moved onto another dimension. **Jesus said, “The [light of the body](https://biblehub.com/matthew/6-22.htm) is the eye: if therefore thine eye is single, thy whole body shall be full of light.”** No one is superior to me except God. I keep my mind’s eye fixed on who I truly am. a loving child of a Supreme Loving Being. When that truth permeates us from the inside out our body releases the trauma and one can feel our innate goodness flowing within our being – free to soar and become authentic vital humans. I know I am slowly getting there and I am well pleased. ##### Ref: [Melatonin the “light of night” in human biology and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis](https://scoliosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1748-7161-2-6) ##### [The Pineal Gland, Melatonin and scoliosis](https://novapublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/978-1-62081-007-1_ch7.pdf) ##### [Pineal Gland—A Spiritual Third Eye](https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0038-1649524.pdf) ## Further Reading: [Light: Medicine of the Future: How We Can Use It to Heal Ourselves NOW](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1879181010?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=52b47291a5bd46023d35a303b61ebeeb&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Jacob Liberman [The Empath’s Survival Guide: Life Strategies for Sensitive People](https://www.amazon.com/Empaths-Survival-Guide-Strategies-Sensitive/dp/1683642112?pd_rd_w=PxL72&pf_rd_p=96226b5f-2d9a-439b-be45-97603787c682&pf_rd_r=MC8774Z9FNGMY57HQE1Q&pd_rd_r=54381529-c12b-4962-a5de-de2ea237ab5f&pd_rd_wg=ZhrjT&pd_rd_i=1683642112&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=0dc13dda3162f78c0d1ec57a478a0448&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Judith Orloff MD [Anatomy of the Spirit: The Seven Stages of Power and Healing](https://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Spirit-Seven-Stages-Healing/dp/0609800140?crid=3SYCQBWMGZ77V&dchild=1&keywords=eastern+body+western+mind&qid=1614422462&s=books&sprefix=eastern+body%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C527&sr=1-3&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=cb648cc40a575e76ccdcdd4bc40a0fc0&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Caroline Myss [Eastern Body, Western Mind: Psychology and the Chakra System As a Path to the Self](https://www.amazon.com/Eastern-Body-Western-Mind-Psychology/dp/1587612259?crid=3SYCQBWMGZ77V&dchild=1&keywords=eastern+body+western+mind&qid=1614422462&s=books&sprefix=eastern+body%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C527&sr=1-1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=78ca00679917baabb2bde14f8ba94460&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Anodea Judith [Chakra Healing: A Beginner’s Guide to Self-Healing Techniques that Balance the Chakras](https://www.amazon.com/Chakra-Healing-Beginners-Self-Healing-Techniques/dp/1623158281?pd_rd_w=QppOq&pf_rd_p=96226b5f-2d9a-439b-be45-97603787c682&pf_rd_r=7WVPE1YDY1F1ZNYFS6QT&pd_rd_r=747d8915-0a8c-4a95-9c82-ebd6c88b9851&pd_rd_wg=Ea6Oh&pd_rd_i=1623158281&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=38e2eb3cc7c3e178b09b7eca49aa2dc5&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Margarita Alcantara [The Pineal Gland: The Eye of God](https://www.amazon.com/Pineal-Gland-Eye-God/dp/1614278458?pd_rd_w=4M2Yf&pf_rd_p=96226b5f-2d9a-439b-be45-97603787c682&pf_rd_r=MGWAP7J71C2GPKH2KJ52&pd_rd_r=84a2a7a7-c6e0-466b-80da-581529f2a013&pd_rd_wg=1Jj2K&pd_rd_i=1614278458&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=49d43da7b5f94314167ca894f6b8dcf4&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Manly P. Hall [Third Eye Awakening: An Essential Guide to Opening Your Third Eye Chakra and Experiencing Higher Consciousness, Psychic Visions, and Clairvoyance along with Tips for Balancing Chakras and Seeing Auras](https://www.amazon.com/Third-Eye-Awakening-Experiencing-Consciousness/dp/B0841Z7SK3?pd_rd_w=9WgPm&pf_rd_p=f71775c5-9fe6-4e06-a8bc-a95de49acaab&pf_rd_r=WK8VVJT6N6PHKDNFJQJE&pd_rd_r=e56d8f95-1c48-483a-a4fe-d93bdf046e80&pd_rd_wg=qlvoJ&pd_rd_i=B0841Z7SK3&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=1e82f8551e196c5ffa22256941837e95&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – [Mari Silva](https://www.amazon.com/Mari-Silva/e/B0856XTCM1/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1) [One Truth, One Law: I Am, I Create](https://www.amazon.com/One-Truth-Law-Am-Create/dp/1734363800?pd_rd_w=4M2Yf&pf_rd_p=96226b5f-2d9a-439b-be45-97603787c682&pf_rd_r=MGWAP7J71C2GPKH2KJ52&pd_rd_r=84a2a7a7-c6e0-466b-80da-581529f2a013&pd_rd_wg=1Jj2K&pd_rd_i=1734363800&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=d235f4df0aec52a3081ae1e39b5f362a&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Erin Werley [Pineal Gland & Your Third Eye: Proven Methods to Develop Your Higher Self](https://www.amazon.com/Pineal-Gland-Your-Third-Eye/dp/099103791X?pd_rd_w=4M2Yf&pf_rd_p=96226b5f-2d9a-439b-be45-97603787c682&pf_rd_r=MGWAP7J71C2GPKH2KJ52&pd_rd_r=84a2a7a7-c6e0-466b-80da-581529f2a013&pd_rd_wg=1Jj2K&pd_rd_i=099103791X&psc=1&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=eeaf07fd6b1ed94243b401e4749db634&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Dr. Jill Ammon-Wexler [Third eye: 7 Techniques to Open Your Third Eye Chakra: Fast and Simple Techniques to Increase Awareness and Consciousness](https://www.amazon.com/Third-eye-Techniques-Consciousness-development/dp/153774450X?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=153774450X&pd_rd_r=5d7f3aad-da89-477c-8d7b-2701b6313333&pd_rd_w=3LlNK&pd_rd_wg=pHuIm&pf_rd_p=f325d01c-4658-4593-be83-3e12ca663f0e&pf_rd_r=Z80355VCRYJX9SATV2DQ&psc=1&refRID=Z80355VCRYJX9SATV2DQ&linkCode=ll1&tag=mindkind-20&linkId=4b0b8f1318c40cca7fe1d603754eb7b1&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl) – Andrew Black